断路器翻转台设计机械图纸文档.zip

本科毕业设计 (论文 ) 题目题目 断路器翻转台设计断路器翻转台设计 学院名称 机械与汽车工程学院机械与汽车工程学院 专业班级 机械高职机械高职 08-208-2 班班 学生姓名 臧金喜臧金喜 导师姓名 范维华范维华 2012 年 6 月 7 日 山东轻工业学院山东轻工业学院 毕业设计（论文）中期进展报告表毕业设计（论文）中期进展报告表 学院机械与汽车工程学院 专业班 级 机械高职 08-2 学生姓名 臧金喜学号200801014063 导师姓 名 范维华 设计（论文）题目断路器翻转台设计 根据题目和设计任务书的要求，在老师的指导下，前段时间主要完成了开 题报告、英文翻译、实习报告的工作，并查阅了与题目相关的资料，初步拟订 了设计方案，并在各种方案中相互比较各自的优缺点，从而确定了最终的设计 方案。 根据设计题目的要求，在原有的数据基础上要对支撑架一些部位进行改进 设计。并且绘制零件图和装配图。 在此期间主要完成支撑架的设计。并且根据支撑架结构把所设计的装配图 基本用计算机绘制完成，但还有一些细节的地方还没有具体绘制完成，对于零 件间的联接地方表达的还不是很清楚，还需继续完善，并开始绘制零件图的工 作。 以后的时间主要详细完成装配图、绘制零件图、编写设计说明书等具体的 东西，尽量在最早的时间里完成自己的设计。需要做的工作还有很多，时间又 很紧，需要我们时刻都不能松懈！ 在设计过程中，对于自己的疑问和错误在老师和同学的帮助下，基本上都 得到了解决。同时，在绘制装配图的时候一些尺寸不能随便定，要根据发动机 底壳的尺寸来确定整体的尺寸值，才能得到合理的装配图。 在后面的时间里，将根据自己和老师的进度要求，最快最好的完成各项工 作。 2012 年 5 月 15 日 指导教师评价意见 1．设计（论文）进展情况评价 （基本完成计划、部分完成计划、没有完成计划） 2．学生工作态度情况评价 （认真、一般、较差） 3．已完成设计（论文）质量评价 （较好、一般、较差） 4．设计（论文）不足之处及改进意见 指导教师签字： 年 月 日 注：每名学生填写一份，并由指导教师填写意见、签字后，返还学生归档 山东轻工业学院 2012 届本科生毕业设计（外文翻译） Virtual engineering: an integrated approach to agile manufacturing machinery design and control P.R. Moore,J.Pu, H.C. Ng, C.B. Wong , S.K. Chong ,X. Chen , J. Adolfsson , P. Olofsgard , J.-O. Lundgren Abstract A virtual manufacturing approach for designing, programming, testing, verifying and deploying control systems for agile modular manufacturing machinery are proposed in this paper. It introduces the concepts, operations, mechanisms and implementation techniques for integrating simulation environments and distributed control system environments so that the control logic programs that have been programmed and verifi ed in the virtual environment can be seamlessly transferred to the distributed control system environment for controlling the real devices. The approach looks to exploit simulation in a much wider range of applications with great advantages in the design and development of manufacturing machine systems. In particular, it facilitates the verifi cation of the runtime support applications using the simulation model before they are applied to the real system. Mechanisms that allow runtime data to be collected during operation of the real machinery to calibrate the simulation models are also proposed. The system implemented delivers a powerful set of software tools for realising agile modular manufacturing systems.
1. Introduction Agility is widely recognised as one of the most important attributes for manufacturing systems to satisfy the needs of competitive global markets, which are resulting in the need to produce high quality products at low cost with shortening product lives and ever increasing demands for differentiation through customisation[1]. By agility, it can mean that manufacturing systems have to respond to production changes both in volume and variety rapidly, effectively and reliably with low cost. Virtual manufacturing (VM) and virtual engineering have been identifi ed as one of the enabling technologies of agile manufacturing and its related activities [2,3].One defi nition of virtual manufacturing is ‘‘to carry out manufacturing activities with a simulation model of the actual setup, which may or may not exist. It holds all the information relating to the process, the process control and management and product specifi c data. It is also possible to have part of the manufacturing plant be real and the other part virtual’’ [4]. From such a defi nition, it can be inferred that integration of simulation models with process control and management data and possibly with the real system itself is an essential ingredient within such an approach. In the manufacturing sector, simulation packages with three-dimensional modelling and animation capabilities (referred to as 3-D simulation hereafter) are progressively gaining favour. The visualisation capability provided by 3-D simulation packages not only provides much richer, closer-to-reality information for users, but also enables new application domains to be addressed such as rapid prototyping of machine systems. One 山东轻工业学院 2012 届本科生毕业设计（外文翻译） example of 3-D simulation is computer aided robotic (CAR)systems [5], which are often utilised for the design and programming of industrial robot based workcells. Such systems provide facilities for evaluating different cell confi gurations and layouts by allowing the users to choose diifferent robot models from a model library. Moreover, the same environment can be used for off-line programming robots through code generation, thereby shortening system development time, according to experience gained in the European automotive industry (e.g.Volvo, SAAB, etc.), where continuous 3-D simulation tools are used extensively to prepare programs for robot workcells. It should be recognised that the substantial cost of such software packages and the considerable expertise required in building useful models, requires a considered commitment to the use of such tools. However,the most appealing attraction for manufacturers to use CAR systems is that programming and testing stage can commence very early once an order is received,enabling reduced lead-times without disrupting production systems on the shop fl oor. Such orders may arise from the introduction of new equipment, new product types, and/or changes in production volume, etc. In other words, simulation plays a signifi cant role in bringing systems into operation more rapidly and more reliably because more testing and verifi cation can be done earlier in the life cycle in a safeenvironment. Automatic code generation is highly desirable by translating simulation programs to machine control code. However, such a feature is only generally available for conventional and standard machinery such as CNC machines and industrial robots.A general solution for designing and off-line programming special purpose manufacturing machinery is not currently available. Such machine systems are typically built from customisable modular automation equipment that is confi gured from modular components such as sensors, actuators and motion controllers, etc., which are supplied by multiple vendors and typically operate within heterogeneous platforms. In most cases, when graphical simulation has been applied during the design process, this implies that control engineers have to re-implement the control logic described in a simulation model when developing the software for the real control system. Mis-interpretation and sub-optimal implementation can be the result of such a discontinuity in the process [6]. Such shortfalls can also lengthen delivery times and diminish the intended benefi ts from applying simulation. This paper proposes a highly integrated approach to machine system development, whereby design, simulation and distributed control are facilitated. In particular, it focuses on the concepts and implementation techniques for integrating simulation environments and distributed control system environments so that control logic programs that have been designed, tested and verifi ed in the simulation environment can be ‘‘seamlessly’’ transferred to the distributed control system environment for operations of real devices. The proposed approach looks to exploit simulation in a much wider range of applications with signifi cant benefi ts in the design and development of manufacturing machine systems. To this end a number of integration mechanisms are facilitated in supporting processes in a typical machine design and development life cycle. These include: (i) exchanging the control requirement/design information between simulation and the control system design environment; (ii) control logic program transfer from simulation to the distributed control of real devices; (iii) runtime support application verifi cation using simulation; and (iv) 山东轻工业学院 2012 届本科生毕业设计（外文翻译） collection of runtime data to calibrate simulation models. Such an integrated approach has been successfully applied to the design and development of real industrial demonstrator cell for assembly of cylinder-head valves, within an installation at Euromation (a Volvo group company), Sweden. The research described in this paper is based on the outcome of a major European Commission funded project VIR-ENG. A brief introduction to this research project is given in the following section. The paper is organised as follows, Sections 3 and 4 introduce the key elements of the proposed approach; integration mechanisms and their implementation are addressed in Section 5; Section 6 briefl y summaries successful application examples of the approach. 2. VIR-ENG The concepts and corresponding tools addressing machine systems design presented in this paper were fi rst devised and implemented in the European Commission Framework IV ESPRIT research project ‘‘Integrated Design, Simulation and Distributed Control of Agile Modular Manufacturing Machine Systems’’ (VIR-ENG),which concluded successfully in June 2001. The project objective was to develop highly integrated design, simulation and distributed control environments for building agile modular manufacturing machine systems which offer the inherent capacity to allow rapid response to product model changes and feature variants [7]. Fig. 1 illustrates the organisation of the project and the associated work packages and their inter-relationships. Among these work-packages, the modular machine design environment (MMDE) and the distributed control system environment (DCSE) are the two major environments that support different facets in the machine system life cycle. Although VIR-ENG has identifi ed two distinctive environments, the end-user will not necessarily see two separate environments at all and will employ both as a seamless whole. 2.1. VIR-ENG manufacturing machine system model In VIR-ENG, a four-layer manufacturing machine system model is devised to serve as a reference model for both MMDE and DCSE to ensure integrity in analysis, design and implementation in building machines and their associated control systems. The four layers in the model are illustrated in Fig. 2. 2.2. MMDE––the design and simulation environment The MMDE supports the
design/virtual engineering of the physical elements and control logic of component-based manufacturing machine systems. From the viewpoint of end users, MMDE consists of two major environments: (i) the design/simulation environment and (ii) the programming environment. These environments together with a number of specialist tools, constitute the MMDE. The simulation environment in MMDE is where virtual models of the machine system are produced,tested and evaluated. The programming environment of MMDE provides the programming interface that allows users to defi ne the control logic for driving the virtual machine system. One of the unique features introduced by VIR-ENG, the control logic to drive the simulation entities is described using programming languages defi ned in IEC1131 Part 3 (IEC1131-3) [8]. Further description of 山东轻工业学院 2012 届本科生毕业设计（外文翻译） MMDE can be found in Refs. [9,10]. CSDE provides the tool-set to comprehensively support the activities in the design and development of control systems. These include tools for users, particularly electrical and control engineers to: (i) design and specify the control architecture using standard UML notation [11]; (ii) generate the machine/machine system control components based on the control logic that are defi ned and verifi ed in MMDE; (iii) mechanisms for mapping the interfaces of control components to corresponding fi eld devices; and (iv) reconfi gure or modify existing control systems. CSDE tools can be further structured into two major tool- sets; namely, (i) control architecture design environment (CADE), and (ii) control system programming environment (CSPE). DRE provides a framework and associated runtime support component library for creating network-enabled runtime support applications for machine systems. DRE-developed runtime support are featured with distributed human machine interfaces (HMI) with embedded functionality including confi guration and monitoring, alarm handling, diagnostics and maintenance for supporting the operation of the manufacturing machine system and associated production facilities. All VIR-ENG environments are designed and implemented to support and encourage reusability of machine components (hardware/software). In particular, the underlying information infrastructure (IIS) delivers a component library, which serves as a structured repository for components designed in VIR-ENG environments. The IIS also provides a component manager for users to manage the components in the library. Furthermore, the CDE within the DCSE defi nes the underlying reference model for supporting the activities in CSDE and DRE. Since VIR-ENG has introduced a number of important concepts addressing a wide range of machine system developments, a detailed review of the project and individual environments is beyond the scope of this paper. The paper goes on to focus on the integration between MMDE, CSDE and DRE, which provides a reference for integrating simulation and distributed control design and operating environments. It is important to point out that, even though the concepts and implementation techniques presented were fi rst devised and applied in VIR-ENG, the authors believe that they can be more generally applied in integrating simulation environments and distributed control environments without necessarily conforming to the overall specifi c architecture described here. Nevertheless, for the sake of brevity and clarity, the acronyms adopted within VIR-ENG will be used throughout the paper. Conceptually, the readers may generally relate MMDE to the design and simulation environment that produces the simulation model of the machine system; CSDE to the design environment that generates the control software components for real devices; DRE to the design environment that produces the runtime support applications for machine systems. 3. Elements for integration in machine system design Fig. 3 illustrates the key elements in each environment and the process associated with integration of simulation and distributed control. Each element of the approach is described in this section before considering the integration process in Section 4. 山东轻工业学院 2012 届本科生毕业设计（外文翻译） 3.1. Simulation models As the key output of MMDE, simulation models refer to the 3-D graphical simulation models that encapsulate information such as: (i) list of machine components and their CAD models; (ii) machine layout; (iii) kinematics properties (e.g.maximum allowable velocity); (iv) kinematics relationships; (v) application task logic (e.g. sequence, timing and synchronisation), etc. 3.2. Control a